jvmbbs

Issue 3

Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety

Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2015, Pages 20–26

ISSN 2411-3174 (print version) ISSN 2411-0388 (online version)

Brucellosis — the current situation in Poland

Iwaniak W., Szulowski K.

Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland, email: iwaniakw@piwet.pulawy.pl

Citation for print version: Iwaniak, W. and Szulowski, K. (2015) ‘Brucellosis — the current situation in Poland’, Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety, 1(3), pp. 20–26.

Download PDF (online version)

Citation for online version: Iwaniak, W. and Szulowski, K. (2015) ‘Brucellosis — the current situation in Poland’, Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety. [Online] 1(3), pp. 20–26. Available at: http://jvmbbs.kharkov.ua/archive/2015/volume1/issue3/oJVMBBS_2015013_020-026.pdf

Summary. The surveys of animals for brucellosis in Poland are primarily based on serological tests. The examinations are performed by regional laboratories using RBT. In the case of positive results obtained in this test the samples are examined in SAT and CFT. The definitive confirmatory investigations are conducted by the National Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis in the Department of Microbiology of NVRI in Pulawy, which additionally uses Coombs’ test, 2-Me test and ELISA. In the paper results of the examination of cattle in Poland in the years 2005–2014 are shown. Each year during examination period 130–420 cows were involved in confirmatory investigations and 6–34 animals were classified as positive for brucellosis. In bacteriological examinations of samples from seropositive cows, B. abortus has never been isolated. Only in 2006 B. suis biovar 2 has been recovered from the bovine internal organs. B. melitensis has never been reported and according to the Commission Decision from 2006, Poland has been regarded as ‘Brucellosis officially free country’. At the moment, the aim of the ongoing testing is to maintain the B. melitensis free country status. Sheep and goats are tested using RBT. Samples reacting positive in the RBT are retested in the National Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis (NRL) using again RBT and CFT. Up to now all samples tested in NRL were finally regarded as negative. Ovine epididymitis (B. ovis) has been also reported in Poland. Diagnosis of the disease is based on the serological examination by complement fixation test (CFT) using the antigen obtained from the rough strain of B. ovis REO198. Similarly, examinations based on the antigen obtained from B. canis are conducted in dogs (rapid slide agglutination test – RSAT and slow agglutination test – SAT), but brucellosis in this species of animals has never been confirmed in Poland. Regarding the situation in porcine brucellosis, there were some outbreaks several years ago and active monitoring of pigs is performed. In general, positive results are mainly connected with false positive serological reactions (FPSR) due to Y. enterocolitica O:9. There is no active monitoring of brucellosis in the wildlife animals in Poland but samples are taken during the hunting season and tested for scientific purposes. When testing 4407 samples of the wild boar sera, 1077 sera reacted positive in ELISA. Also research done on hare sera several years ago indicated very similar percentage of the positives. These data show that the wildlife is a huge reservoir of the Brucella and it could play a role in an epidemiology of brucellosis also in domestic animals.

Keywords: Brucella, bovine brucellosis, porcine brucellosis, wildlife, B. suis biovar 2

References:

Al Dahouk, S., Nockler, K., Tomaso, H., Splettstoesser, W. D., Jungersen, G., Riber, U., Petry, T., Hoffmann, D., Scholz, H. C., Hensel, A. and Neubauer, H. (2005) ‘Seroprevalence of brucellosis, tularemia, and yersiniosis in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from North-Eastern Germany’, Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B, 52(10), pp. 444–455. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00898.x

Alton, G. G., Jones, L. M., Angus, R. D. and Verger, J. M. (1988) Techniques for the brucellosis Laboratory. Paris, France: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. ISBN 273-800-042-8

Cvetnic, Z., Mitak, M., Ocepek, M., Lojkic, M., Terzic, S., Jemersic, L., Humski, A., Habrun, B., Sostaric, B., Brstilo, M., Krt, B. and Garin-Bastuji, B. (2003) ‘Wild boars (Sus scrofa) as reservoirs of Brucella suis biovar 2 in Croatia’, Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 51(4), pp. 465–473. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.51.2003.4.4

Cvetnic, Z., Toncic, J., Spicic, S., Lojkic, M., Terzic, S., Jemersic, L., Humski, A., Curic, S., Mitak, M., Habrun, B., Brstilo, M., Ocepek, M. and Krt, B. (2004) ‘Brucellosis in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Republic of Croatia’, Veterinary Medicine (Prague) [Veterinarni Medicina (Praha)], 49(4), pp. 115–122. Available at: http://vri.cz/docs/vetmed/49-4-115.pdf

EC. (2002) ‘Commission Regulation (EC) No 535/2002 of 21 March 2002 amending Annex C to Council Directive 64/432/EEC and amending Decision 2000/330/EC’, The Official Journal of the European Union, L 80, pp. 22–28. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32002R0535&qid=1442225382302&from=EN

EC. (2006) ‘Commission Decision 2006/169/EC of 21 February 2006 amending Decision 93/52/EEC as regards the declaration that Poland and certain provinces or regions of Italy are free of brucellosis (B. melitensis) and Decision 2003/467/EC as regards the declaration that certain provinces or regions of Italy are free of bovine tuberculosis, bovine brucellosis and enzootic bovine leucosis’, The Official Journal of the European Union, L 57, pp. 35–40. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EL/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006D0169&from=EN

EC. (2009) ‘Commission Decision 2009/600/EC of 5 August 2009 amending Decision 2003/467/EC as regards the declaration that certain Member States and regions thereof are officially free of bovine brucellosis’, The Official Journal of the European Union, L 204, pp. 39–42. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009D0600&qid=1442225134857&from=EN

EFSA. (2007) ‘Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazard (BIOHAZ) on monitoring and identification of human enteropathogenic Yersinia spp.’, The EFSA Journal, 595, pp. 1–30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2007.595

EFSA. (2009) ‘Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission on porcine brucellosis (Brucella suis)’, The EFSA Journal, 1144, pp. 1–112. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1144

EFSA and ECDC. (2013) ‘The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2011’, The EFSA Journal, 3129, pp. 1–250. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3129

Franco, M. P., Mulder, M., Gilman, R. H. and Smits, H. L. (2007) ‘Human brucellosis’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 7(12), pp. 775–786. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70286-4

Garin-Bastuji, B., Hars, J., Calvez, D., Thiebaud, M., Cau, C., Sartor, C. and Artois, M. (2000) Brucellosis in domestic pigs and wild boars due to Brucella suis biovar 2 in France. In: Brucellosis 2000: proceedings of conference, September 7–9, Nimes, France, pp. 44

Godfroid, J., Cloeckaert, A., Liautard, J.‑P., Kohler, S., Fretin, D., Walravens, K., Garin‑Bastuji, B. and Letesson, J.‑J. (2005) ‘From the discovery of the Malta fever’s agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re‑emerging zoonosis’, Veterinary Research, 36(3), pp. 313–326. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2005003

Gyuranecz, M., Erdelyi, K., Makrai, L., Fodor, L., Szepe, B., Meszaros, A. R., Dan, A., Dencso, L., Fassang, E. and Szeredi, L. (2011) ‘Brucellosis of the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus)’, Journal of Comparative Pathology, 145(1), pp. 1–5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.11.013

Hubalek, Z., Treml, F., Juřicova, Z., Huňady, M., Halouzka, J., Janik, V. and Bill, D. (2002) ‘Serological survey of the wild boar (Sus scrofa) for tularaemia and brucellosis in South Moravia, Czech Republic’, Veterinary Medicine (Prague) [Veterinarni Medicina (Praha)], 47(2–3), pp. 60–66. Available at: http://vri.cz/docs/vetmed/47-3-60.pdf

Jimenez de Bagues, M. P., de Martino, A., Quintana, J. F., Alcaraz, A. and Pardo, J. (2011) ‘Course of infection with the emergent pathogen Brucella microti in immunocompromised mice’, Infection and Immunity, 79(10), pp. 3934–3939. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05542-11

Kautzsch, S., Seyfarth, D., Schone, R. and Stehmann, R. (1995) ‘An outbreak of brucellosis in pigs and conclusions derived on the epidemiology of this animal disease’, Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 108(6), pp. 201–205

Królak, M. and Stryszak, A. (1979) Standard technique of 2-mercaptoethanol test in diagnosis of animal brucellosis [Standardowa technika odczynu z 2-merkaptoetanolem (OME) w rozpoznawaniu brucelozy zwierząt]. Puławy: PIWet. [in Polish]

Le Flèche, P., Jacques, I., Grayon, M., Al Dahouk, S., Bouchon, P., Denoeud, F., Nöckler, K., Neubauer, H., Guilloteau, L. A. and Vergnaud, G. (2006) ‘Evaluating and selection of tandem repeat loci for Brucella MLVA typing assay’, [Online] BMC Microbiology, 6(9), pp. 1–14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-6-9

Lopez‑Goni, I., Garcia‑Yoldi, D., Marin, C. M., de Miguel, M. J., Munoz, P. M., Blasco, J. M., Jacques, I., Grayon, M., Cloeckaert, A., Ferreira, A. C., Cardoso, R., Correa de Sa, M. I., Walravens, K., Albert, D. and Garin-Bastuji, B. (2008) ‘Evaluation of a multiplex PCR assay (Bruce-ladder) for molecular typing of all Brucella species, including the vaccine strains’, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46(10), pp. 3484–3487. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00837-08

OIE. (2012) Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals (mammals, birds and bees). Vol. 1–2. 7th ed. Paris: OIE. ISBN 978-92-9044-878-5

Paton, N. I., Tee, N. W.‑S., Vu, C. K.‑F. and Teo, T.‑P. (2001) ‘Visceral abscesses due to Brucella suis infection in a retired pig farmer’, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32(8), pp. e129–e130. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/319748

Pilaszek, J., Szulowski, K. and Iwaniak, W. (2000) ‘Epidemiological condition of animal brucellosis in Poland’ [Sytuacja epidemiologiczna brucelozy zwierząt w Polsce], Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 56(6), pp. 363–366. Available at: http://medycynawet.edu.pl/images/stories/pdf/digital/2000/200006363367.pdf. [in Polish]

Scholz, H. C., Nockler, K., Göllner, C., Bahn, P., Vergnaud, G., Tomaso, H., Al Dahouk, S., Kämpfer, P., Cloeckaert, A., Maquart, M., Zygmunt, M. S., Whatmore, A. M., Pfeffer, M., Huber, B., Busse, H. J. and De, B. K. (2009) ‘Brucella inopinata sp. nov., isolated from a breast implant infection’, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 60(4), pp. 801–808. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.011148-0

Szulowski, K., Iwaniak, W., Pilaszek, J., Truszczyński, M. and Chrobocińska, M. (1999) ‘The ELISA for the examination of hare sera for anti-antibodies’, Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 22(1), pp. 33–40. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0147-9571(98)00019-8

Szulowski, K., Pilaszek, J. and Iwaniak, W. (2000) ‘Application of meat juice in diagnosis of brucellosis in hares and wild boars by ELISA’, The Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 44(1), pp. 45–52

Szulowski, K., Iwaniak, W., Pilaszek, J. and Murat, J. (2008) Wild boars and hares as reservoirs of Brucella suis biovar 2 in Poland. In: Proceeding of the Brucellosis 2008 International Research Conference (including the 61st Brucellosis Research Conference), Septembet, 10–13, 2008, Royal Holloway College, University of London, UK, pp. 137

Szulowski, K., Iwaniak, W., Złotnicka, J., Weiner, M., Zaręba, Z. and Czępińska, H. (2011) ‘International trade — a potential source of brucellosis in pigs’, Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 67(1), pp. 64–66. Available at: http://medycynawet.edu.pl/images/stories/pdf/pdf2011/012011/201101064066.pdf. [in Polish]

Szulowski, K., Iwaniak, W., Weiner, M., Złotnicka, J., Szymajda, M., Zaręba, Z. and Czępińska, M. (2012) ‘Diagnosis and epidemiological condition of bovine brucellosis in Poland’ [Diagnostyka I sytuacja epidemiologiczna brucelozy bydła w Polsce], Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 68(2), pp. 110–113. Available at: http://medycynawet.edu.pl/images/stories/pdf/pdf2012/022012/201202110113.pdf. [in Polish]

Teyssou, R., Morvan, J., Leleu, J. P., Roumegou, P., Goullin, B. and Carteron, B. (1989) ‘About a case of human brucellosis due to Brucella suis biovar 2’ [A propos d’un cas de brucellose humaine a Brucella suis biovar 2], Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 19(3), pp. 160–161. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(89)80221-5. [in French]

Weiner, M., Kubajka, M., Szulowski, K., Iwaniak, W., Krajewska, M. and Lipiec, M. (2014) ‘Genotypic virulence markers of Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 isolated from pigs and wild boars serologically positive and negative for brucellosis’, The Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 58(4), pp. 541–545. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2014-0083

Wiśniowski, J., Królak, M. and Drożdżyńska, M. (1978) Standard technique of anti-globulin test in diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Puławy, Poland: NVRI. [in Polish]